Is Photography An Art? I Got An Email That Says No
Century old prejudices and misconceptions about photography continue to this day. So lets debunk some myths.
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NOTE: This is part of a series of articles about photography as an art form. In addition to my more technical articles here on PIXIQ on Experimental Digital Photography, I will be publishing one of these about the art of photography every so often.

IS PHOTOGRAPHY AN ART?
About a year ago I got the following email. At first I laughed. The next day I wanted to cry. Not because the writer obviously did not like my work, but because this young person was still mouthing the same old prejudices and stereotypes of the past 190 years about photography. Here is this unsolicited email rant that I received on January 31, 2010. I have not changed anything except to note a few factual errors in [BRACKETS]. The author is writing in response to one of my essays about the art of photography that I put up at my website (www.rickdoble.net).
Unfortunately your points of view fly in the face of what art is about . You end up always "taking pictures " and not much else, as do thousands of camera bugs - and then must validate time spent by "artistic " statements as to what is art, and photographic. art and on and on .Bresson [ED: IT'S CARTIER-BRESSON] went back to drawing as he said "that's where true creativity is for him " [ED: NO SUCH QUOTE] Hockney in a conversation after his Polaroid adventure said almost the same thing. Yes there are some photographs that approach what is called art. But most photographs do little more than confirm that the photographer was present when the shutter button was pressed. Rearranging a point of view is not creativity ,it is what window dressers do -or the right angle ,and you get the wonderful postcards of Ansel Adams,almost flawless printing of pictures that should be hung in frames with coffin handles attached, they are so lifeless . Photographers have very little perception what "art" is about ,they think it is taking pictures.
Here's what I have to say to the person who wrote this email:
Obviously all photography is not art:
== just as all emails are not great essays or poems
== just a person who sings in the street is not a great musician
and yet every so often one of these reaches the level of great art such as Enrico Caruso who was a street singer in Naples and who performed in cafes before he became perhaps the greatest opera tenor of all time
Photography is a very different art form and a relatively new one -- which is why there are so many misconceptions. And unfortunately after almost 200 years since the invention of photography, we photographers still find ourselves defending our art form from those who claim a kind of cultural high ground that excludes it.
Well, if people are going to diss my chosen art form, they, at least, have to get their facts straight. What this email reveals is an ignorance about the art of photography along with a number of erroneous assumptions about what is called art.
While never defining what art is -- yet being quite sure that photography can never meet this unnamed criteria -- the writer of this email reveals his ignorance: he is certain that photography is merely "Rearranging a point of view" which "is not creativity."
Now point of view and angle *are* very important to photography but along with a host of other photographic elements that take many years to master -- such as the effect of different focal length lenses, distance, timing, lighting, composition, depth of field, focus, shutter speed, ISO, tonal range, exposure and more. While a painter has a pallette of colors and must master the skill of drawing, the photographer instead has these elements to work with and to put together, often in a split second (literally).
Oddly the split second it takes to shoot a photo seems to work against photography -- since it seems almost effortless to create a full large image -- whereas a painting can take months. Yet keep in mind that many great paintings, such as some of van Gogh's, were finished in hours.
A friend of mine told me this joke about an actor who suddenly became successful: "After 20 years she was an overnight success." We could say the same about photographers: After 5 years of intensive training and experience, they can take a photo in an instant.
And here is what the painter Vincent van Gogh had to say in one of his letters to Theo about speed: To work quickly isn’t to work less seriously, it depends on the confidence and experience one has. In the same way, Jules Gérard the lion-hunter says in his book that at the beginning young lions have a lot of trouble killing a horse or an ox, but old lions kill with a single well-judged strike from a claw or a tooth, and have an amazing sureness for that job.
LETS TACKLE THE STEREOTYPICAL ARGUMENTS ONE BY ONE
Photography uses a machine so it cannot be an art
It is amazing how long this argument has hung around. In the early days, when photography was invented, there were not as many machines -- so this argument seemed to make a kind of sense. But today machines are now used for a variety of art forms. For example, it's hard to imagine contemporary music without devices: microphones, amplifiers, electronic instruments, mixers, recorders, reverb machines, etc.
Further: Photo-graphy (from the Greek 'light-writing') *requires* a device to capture light. The device must include a dark chamber -- hence the term 'camera' which comes from the Latin meaning room or chamber. Light is then allowed to enter that chamber in a controlled way (an exposure) which then falls onto light sensitive material (film, digital light sensors). These are the essential tools in this art form of working with light.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Camera_Obscura_box18thCentury.jpg " width="620" height="544" />
Photography is a craft and not an art
Much of photography is a craft, no doubt, just as many of the drawings and paintings of fashion -- that are, for example, published in fashion magazines -- are well executed work but not great art. Yet some photography rises to the level of art -- just as some fashion paintings do. The photographs of Weston, Adams, Arbus, Cartier-Bresson, Evans and Lange are some of the greatest achievements in the art of the 20th Century.
Photography is technical not really creative
All that stuff about f/stops, ISO, focal length is for techies, but not artists. Well I've got late breaking news, any art is technical. Take dance, for example; here are some technical terms in dance: arabesque, Pas de Deux, Pirouette, cake walk -- a site on the Internet lists over 200 such terms
But what about painting? -- the visual art that seems to set the standard for what is and is not art when it comes to two dimensional depictions. Painting is just an intuitive artistic expression of an artist's inner self -- something that a photographer could never aspire to -- right? Wrong! Painting is also quite technical: The about.com website glossary of painting lists over 250 technical terms used in painting such as the related painting terms of Alla prima, glazing and underpainting or alligatoring and craquelure.
So lets finally put that argument to rest: all art forms have a technical aspect to them, period. And to create art with an art form, a practitioner has to absorb the technical knowledge and then move on to use that knowledge to create art. The technical knowledge at that point becomes almost second nature and the intuitive part of the artist's brain can then kick in to use the technical aspects in a creative manner.
http://www.essentialvermeer.com/camera_obscura/co_one.html NOTE: The work of art depicted in this image and the reproduction thereof are in the public domain worldwide. The reproduction is part of a collection of reproductions compiled by The Yorck Project. The compilation copyright is held by Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_016.jpg" width="620" height="721" />
And while we're debunking the myths about the purity of painting consider this:
== Many painters used photography in their work -- such as Degas who took photos to study the movement of dancers and of horses.
== Before the invention of photography -- when there was just a camera and no film -- painters used a camera to guide them in their drawings -- it is quite clear now that Vermeer used a camera to create his great paintings.
== Duchamp's modern and ground breaking painting "Nude Descending a Staircase" was inspired by the work of photographers, Muybridge and Marey.
== Today many painters take a photograph and go back into their studio to paint from that photograph. The well known painter David Hockney pointed out that he has seen some "drawings or paintings [THAT] have been made from photographs" by other painters.
== David Hockney has also put forward the idea that the advancement of Western painting since the renaissance was derived directly from optical and photographic devices rather than artistic vision.
For more about these techniques see my book: Experimental Digital Photography.

Okay -- so we've answered those negative arguments -- what about the positive?
Why is photography an art when used to its highest capabilities and what is unique about photography?
This article is already too long -- so I will save that for the next article in this series.
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Comments
Rick,
An excellent article – I look forward to others on this theme.
The email you received is sad for it says so much about the closed mind of its writer, content to regurgitate hackneyed ideas about what should no longer be a debate. Shame that thinking is not fashionable.
I number many able artists (in the holding a brush or shaping clay sense and not just mere camera hacks) in my circle of friends and I have often asked them to explain to me what is art…or, most important, what is ‘good art’ in areas where I cannot connect and say “I like that.”
Too often art seems to be what people, the gullible, are told is 'art' and thus they are encouraged to dip (deeply) into wallets for a maggot in formaldehyde (better a snake in Tequila…) or a pile of bricks. And someone laughs all the way to the bank. Good luck to them…
Until that ‘thorn in the flesh’ Michelangelo started to raise awareness of his 'trade', artists were regarded as mere technicians in Italy. I have stood and marvelled in front of many works musing that that youngsters were once ‘apprenticed’ to paint this. Credit went to the Duke or other patron who had commissioned the work for his was the genius: the wielders of brushes were mere functionaries. Well, I would love the technical skills of some of those artisans…we must hang onto the notion that even if ‘reality’ (whatever that is…don’t get started) is in front of the lens we have exercised our creativity in considering which chunk to capture and what light to use…
Paul
I love your point "we have exercised our creativity in considering which chunk to capture and what light to use…" and I think of the many photographs that have changed our perceptions for that reason. In a shooting situation the choices are often limitless and it takes a seasoned photographer to get put the pieces together often in seconds -- pieces such as lighting, angle, timing, and composition.
BTW a friend and I were discussing still photography vs. movies -- and we decided that it was the still images we remembered best, that stayed with us.
There's one logical flaw in your argument. The instances of artists from the painting genre taking a photo back into the studio seem, to me, to suggest that the photo itself was insufficiently arty for their taste - otherwise why not just publish/exhibit it directly?
Technique exists; craft is mastering, controlling it; art is what you choose to do with it. I tend to think photographers deserve credit for the default mode of operation requires having to work with reality rather than choose which bits to selectively ignore or distort.
I like your idea that not all emails are great essays or poems :)
I don't disagree. My point is that photography has been a principle tool of painters in the past (as with the camera obscura) and continues to be even today.
I've often wondered about this subject, whether it was an "art" or a "craft" or either, and came to the conclusion that there is a continuum of arts.
What I mean by that is that certain arts can be created directly from the imagination. The tools involved in writing a novel or writing a symphony are not quite as dependent on the "real" world.
In other words, when the deaf musician writes down the music he hears in his head, then conducts the orchestra, and has to be turned towards the audience at the end to "see" the clapping - it is music that has been written with a tremendous amount of personal freedom.
Whatever lens you choose, shutter speed, or other technical detail, photography begins (although even this is changing in the digital age) - but usually begins with an actual subject that exists.
I don't think that this makes it a lesser art than writing music or painting (which can be based on what you see in your mind) but it's just in a different place on this continuum of arts.
Most of it, is junk. My own included. Of a few hundred thousand shots, maybe 40 are good, special, artistic.
Anyway, it is an interesting subject that will never be settled but part of what I enjoy in contemporary photography is the mixture of shooting and then processing the digital image. (And this from an old guy who worked mostly with view cameras in the beginning).
But it is now possible to do what the painters have done. Begin with the photograph as a blueprint or starting point - and then add to it with your imagination. This raises the art of photography in that continuum I was talking about. (Hope this isn't too long). Dave
You wrote:
"photography begins .. with an actual subject that exists." -- I see this as one of the unique strengths, rather than a weakness of photography, an aspect which I will discuss in the next article, which I will put up next week.
You wrote:
"photography begins .. with an actual subject that exists."
Not necessarily. Photography, when practiced at its highest levels, is not about what is in front of the artist, it's about what else it is. It can be about numerous invisible things; time, wind, age, anger, lust, etc... The strength of photographic artists, is that they are not bound by an actual subject that exists any more than a painter is.
Necessarily. The constraint to starting from reality is absolute.
Fortunately, the freedom to make what you will of it from then onwards is also absolute. :)
Necessarily. The constraint to starting from reality is absolute.
Fortunately, the freedom to make what you will of it from then onwards is also absolute. :)
Necessarily. The constraint to starting from reality is absolute.
Fortunately, the freedom to make what you will of it from then onwards is also absolute. :)
-
Can you give me an example of such a photograph that did not begin with a subject that actually existed? With a link if possible?
Art is just a creation by an individual that reflects a concept that resonates with them. Any tools may be used. The art may be 'bad' or 'good', it may be unoriginal, contrived, simplistic. But if it satisfies the maker then it has served its main purpose. If it is sufficiently original and mind blowing then it may gain wider attraction, be exhibited, and bought for important collections at which point other people will use it as inspiration for their own derivative art.
As I photographer I often get vibes that what I do is just click the shutter. I laugh when I am regularly told someone has painted one of my photos. To me that says the painter doesn't have enough creativity to come up with a pleasing composition or use of light, so they steal mine.
The other issue I have is with people who still insist photography should only portray reality. They ask "is it photoshopped?", as if I can take a crap photo, run it through the unsuck filter and have a masterpiece with no skill.
Photography is just a tool I use to make images I like, it's as simple as that. If other people want to waste their time trying to decide whether it is art or not, that's their problem, I have too many images in my mind I need to work on!
Bill
Well put Bill.
My own reply (above) is something that developed very slowly over the years - and I post it only because the question of whether photography is "art" is the subject of the piece.
Very few people know what goes into pressing that shutter or whatever comes after unless they've spent a massive amount of time doing it.
I only meant to say "well put Bill" but of course now I've said more. DB
Dave, your reply (the first one!) was very eloquent and well thought out. I used to spend a lot of time defending or justifying what I do to art snobs, but I just don't really care what any one else thinks now. If they don't like what I do, there is no way I am going to convince them otherwise. I liked a comment I saw by Alain Briot once, when asked if his work is photoshopped, he just says 'Yes'. It avoids a lot of drama and time wasted on un-winnable conversations.
This was a great discussion between the two of you and I am honored that my article sparked such an intelligent conversation. Thanks
This was a great discussion between the two of you and I am honored that my article sparked such an intelligent conversation. Thanks
Bill. Exactly. I don't know any photographer that doesn't use Photoshop or some sort of program that manipulates images. Personally, I use Lightroom and NIK software most of the time so it is really "Lightroomed" or "NIKED."
What people mean, when they ask that question is: Can I trust this image as being "real."
If you go back to Ansel Adams and the Making of 40 Prints - you see that his dramatic landscapes didn't always start off with such drama. You'll see lots of "+1" or "-2" circles on the contact prints.
When glass plate photography was the norm, photographers had plates made which just had clouds because plates at the time didn't pick up the sky very well. They did prints with the cloud plate sandwich with the landscape plate because otherwise the sky appeared blank.
Some of the early folk liked to put ghosts into their photographs.
Photographs are simply not as real as people seem to think they are. Really :)
Regards, Dave
Great article!
Just a quick note: [sic] means "intentionally so written" and is used only when a mistake in a quote is repeated verbatim (such as when someone misspells something). What you've used are editor's notes - which are normally done with (Ed: this is an editors note) :)
Rock on, stay awesome, keep writing great stuff here on Pixiq!
~ Haje
Hi Haje,
I've seen it both ways -- but the way you do it is much clearer and I'll do that in the future. Thanks.
"Is photography art?" is one of the oldest, and most boring, questions in photography because, of course, it cannot be truly answered as any answer is purely subjective. Good attempt at self-promotion, though. How many adverts for your book did you manage to fit in to this 'article'? How many requests to follow you on Facebook? Glad to see you allowed comments this time unlike your 'articles' on slow shutter speeds!
Interesting post but the issue isn't if photography is art but what the hell is it art anyway?
Read my next comment.
I am too silly a person to participate in a discussion of whether photography is an art or not so let me quote my favorite writer M.Gustave Flaubert on matters of art.
"Art requires neither complaisance nor politeness; nothing but faith, faith and freedom."
"Caught up in life, you see it badly. You suffer from it or enjoy it too much. The artist, in my opinion, is a monstrosity, something outside of nature."
"Anything becomes interesting if you look at it long enough."
"Of all lies, art is the least untrue."
"One mustn't always believe that feeling is everything. In the arts, it is nothing without form."
"The better a work is, the more it attracts criticism; it is like the fleas who rush to jump on white linens."
"There are neither good nor bad subjects. From the point of view of pure Art, you could almost establish it as an axiom that the subject is irrelevant, style itself being an absolute manner of seeing things."
"To be stupid, selfish, and have good health are three requirements for happiness, though if stupidity is lacking, all is lost."
Whether with a pen, a brush or a camera, whether singing or dancing or standing naked on a sidewalk, these fine words apply.
As for me, "I love good sense above all, perhaps because I have none."
Wonderful quotes by a great artist -- but you know he is great or you would not have quoted him. So you have already made one decision -- Flaubert is a great artist. I may use some of these quotes in my next article. Thanks.
Art requires an attitude, just like church, the "suspension of disbelief". If you can't bring that attitude, the work will not speak to you. If you can look at a work and let it sink in, then you and the work are in communication. Having said that, there is plenty of stuff that I don't like and does not work for me. Like all human endeavors, it is subjective -- except at the art market where van Gogh's paintings that were once used by his mother to patch a hole in her fence (according to one story), now sell for millions of dollars.
Art that was revered a hundred years ago, may be ignored today. Art that was ignored for a hundred years may now be considered some of the greatest work ever made by humans -- I'm thinking of JS Bach whose work was ignored for 100 years after his death yet today he is now ranked as one of the greatest composers of all time.
I think you have to fall in love first with a work of art -- an act which as we all know is not rational -- to understand the power that art can hold. I was lucky; I fell in love with a number of works at the early age of 10 years old, works that I still listen to and look at today. And they still have the same power -- it has never left me (Schubert's Unfinished Symphony, Durer's Rabbit).
If that sounds odd -- it really isn't. I suspect all of us can remember a movie or a song that we heard at age 10 and that still has power over us today. And movies and songs are art.
Rick
Read Roland Barthes "Camera Lucida" I think that you will find it most interesting.
Let me add, following Barthes thinking, that some of the confusion and debate here is because there are really three elements to any art--the creator, the art and the audience. In conversations about art, these three areas are often mixed up.
In the quotes I sent, Flaubert is speaking about the high esthetic of art in its purest state, that is of the efforts of the creator. Often in your post you've flip-flopped between your experience of a work of art (like the long lost JS Bach work) and your feelings about making your own art art. That's a change of position from audience to creator which confuses the issue and the reader.
That middle component, the art itself, often gets short shrift. Have you seen the photos of Jacques Henri-Lartigue? He took photos at the turn of the 19/20th century when he was just 12. Years ago, I bought a book of his work (big 10x12 inch images in the book) and was astonshed at their beauty--their art.
There were alot of shots in the book of his cousins sliding down bannisters and jumping down stairs and of his fathers's racing cars and gliders.
(( go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/photography/genius/gallery/images/lartigue.jpg))
Several years later I saw his original photos. Rick they were tiny, tiny stereo-optican pairs. And these images were in 3D! People and animals and racing cars were suspended in mid-air and they popped out of the frame. The work had a whole different impact now, simply because of the difference in its presentation. The change in the art itself influenced my perception of it.
Ansel Adams used to say that a negative was like a musical score and the print, the performance. The art itself matters and that needs to be discussed too.
Three parts, Rick keep them a bit more separated. It will help to you to clarify what I believe you are trying to say.
ciao
Steve
Your point about the three parts of art is a good one which I will keep in mind.
And yes, I do know the work of Jacques Henri-Lartigue, I have that same book and love the playfulness that I had not seen in any other photographer -- this is one case where being a kid was an advantage. But no, I did not know about the 3D images. They must be wonderful.
They are wonderful. But it also skews tha art argument a wee bit. Was a 12 year old intending to make art? And have they become more "art" a century later.
Art is mysterious -- yet as humans we have been making art or something like art since the cave paintings.
I doubt that Henri-Lartigue knew he was making great art -- which might never have been recognized in another era.
Emily Dickinson is a great example - unsure of her worth hardly any of her poems were published in her lifetime. Then her poems were changed by editors to conform to poetic standards of the time (my high school poetry book had one of those modified versions!) and her poetry was not particularly admired. It is only recently that her unaltered poems have been published and then recognized as great and original poetry. Who would have thunk it?
I love art partly because it cannot be nailed down yet without it we could not breath (a day without music?).
Art is the proper task of life. (Friedrich Nietzsche)
Very, very true. Art is the stuff that tells us that life is more than accumulating stuff.
So as we say here in the South of Francce, "bon chance et bon courage, mon ami"
Steve
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