Top Ten Myths of Copyright, Plus One

It’s OK to use someone else’s image if...

1. I change x% of the work.

NOPE. Read more about derivatives here.

2. I don't charge anything.

NOPE. Just because you didn’t charge any money doesn’t negate the fact that
you stole.

3. I'm using the photo for nonprofit, educational purposes.

NOPE. “Non-profit” or “Not for Profit” is a tax status, not always a business
philosophy.

4. I include the creator's copyright notice.

NOPE. All that does is let everyone know exactly from whom you stole.

5. I remove it from my website when the copyright holder objects.

NOPE. The copyright holder is still damaged. It's like plunging a knife into the copyright holder's chest and then saying, "Whoops" and pulling out the knife. The damage is still done.

6. I asked permission and didn't get a response.

NOPE. If I asked to “borrow” a Ferrari I saw on the street and didn’t hear
a reply, that doesn't mean I can take it for a joyride.

7. I can't find the copyright holder.

NOPE. If you can’t find the photographer, their estate (if they’re dead), or even know who did the photo, the photo is an “orphan work” and can’t be copied—unless an Orphan Works Bill passes Congress in the future. Then this becomes a slightly different answer. You would then need to do a “diligent search” for the copyright holder.

8. The image does not have the © symbol or say "copyright."

NOPE. Not required since 1976. But if you do have it, you help defeat any claim of "innocent infringement."

9. It's posted on the Internet.

NOPE. Just because one person ripped off a photo doesn’t give everyone else permission to rip it off.

10. The image is in the public domain.

USUALLY NOPE, BUT NOT ALWAYS. Actually, it’s a trick question. The qualifier "always” trips it up. There may be other rights tied in, like trademark rights.

The big one, the urban legend-sized myth:

11. If I place my work in a sealed envelope and mail it to myself, I’m protected.

*BIG NOPE. That just proves you mailed yourself something. A judge will laugh that out of court. If a lawyer recommends you do that, you probably need to find a new lawyer. If you’re going to mail anything, mail in your registration.

This Post Comes From

Photographer's Survival Manual

Photographer's Survival Manual

Now more than ever, anyone who wants to make money with a digital camera needs this authoritative and approachable guide. Written by the president of the Professional Photographers of America, and a leading New York copyright attorney, it provides photographers and visual artists with the most authoritative legal advice available. Everything is covered, from contracts, subcontracts, releases, and permissions to the copyright laws and all the steps artists should take to register and protect their work. Find out how to use copyright to protect your work from infringement, insure you are properly paid for your work, and how to proceed if your rights are infringed upon.

Comments

G

You forgot the BIGGEST myth of copyright:

Copyright infringement = Stealing.

Wait, you did cover that in several of your items? I'm sure it was meant to be ironic...

Side from repeating yourself on two of the myths (with different answers to each the second time) you are incorrect with your reference to "orphan works". There is no "orphan works" category at this time. A work is either protected by copyright or not (public domain). The difficulty is knowing for certain that a work is no longer under copyright. The proposed orphan works legislation would create an orphan works category for any work that was not registered in a commercial registry (above and beyond copyright) and whose creator could not be found via such registry. The orphan works category would essentially shield infringers from punitive damages if the creator of a work had failed to submit the work in question to the commercial registry. Infringers could still be compelled to pay a "reasonable use" fee however some argue that the fee would generally be too small to justify taking the infringer to court and thus effectively removing any remedy to copyright infringement.

You wrote: “There is no "orphan works" category at this time.”

Hey James,

Sorry, but there is very much is an orphan works category right now.

There is currently no orphan works law and there was an orphan works bill in Congress that the House passed (with not one dissenting vote against it), but it never came up in the Senate. It will likely come up again.

Let me explain the orphan works category with some real world examples. If you want to have a 50th wedding anniversary party for your parents and you have their wedding photo and you want to make a large poster of it…. BUT…. the studio that photographed it is out of business, and in fact the photographer died, and you can’t find who controls the estate, that photo is an orphan work. You cannot legally reproduce it. Places like Wal-Mart and K-Mart will not copy it.

That is why Ken Burns, the documentary filmmaker, is one of the people pushing for an orphan works bill. He has many photos he would love to use in his films, but they fall into the orphan works category and cannot be legally used.

And the stuff you mentioned about there has to be a registry, I’m afraid is not true, because as stated, there is no orphan works law, at this time. A lot of bad information about orphan works has been sent out to rile people up, that is frankly, false and misleading. There was one website by a photographer who holds himself out as an expert on such matters that had a lot of really bad information. Not only were his examples of what orphan works law would be like, wrong, he ripped off a photographer’s image to use as an example of how easy it was to “orphan” a photo. Not only was he completely wrong, he got a letter from a lawyer demanding him to take that image down. I know, because that photographer is a friend of mine and one of his European ads was what was ripped off by that “expert’s” website. The “excuse” of “fair use” was tried (ironically because that’s what many thieves use to photographers as an excuse to illegally steal our work) and it was pointed out to him specifically why his use did not fall under the fair use doctrine.

You also wrote: “Infringers could still be compelled to pay a "reasonable use" fee however some argue that the fee would generally be too small to justify taking the infringer to court and thus effectively removing any remedy to copyright infringement.”

I’m afraid that’s also a “myth” about the “proposed” orphan works bill that was in the House. The thing is, even if there was an orphan works law, you would still only be fully protected, as today, if the work is registered. Very few photographers today register their work. This is what causes Ed and me to talk till we’re “blue in the face”. Without registration today, what you can recover is too small to justify going to court. But with what was proposed, you would not be removed from suing in court. In fact, if a “diligent” search was not conducted and you could not agree on a fair price, you would still be able to sue in court. And then a judge would decide on if a diligent search was conducted. If proved a diligent not, you would get all the same legal protection and sanctions you get today.

Rather than go further into it, I think if you read the testimony of MaryBeth Peters, the Register of Copyrights at the Library of Congress, to the House Judiciary Committee, regarding the Copyright Office’s position on Orphan Works it will prove enlightening.

http://tinyurl.com/2bpagxu

I can tell you there are many aspects of an orphan works law, when it comes around, will not be good for photographers. But there are so many in favor of such a law and it solves many problems, I’d be shocked if we don’t see it appear again in Congress. If it does, please do research and don’t fall for the easy slogans and the fear mongers that fired up the community. Find out what it is really about.

Hope that helps to clarify.

Jack Reznicki

Dear James:

There was a reason why the word orphan appears in our book in quotes.  The term is used in a generic fashion and one could argue that without specific new legislation the definition and meaning of the term could be subject to debate by and among for example,law professors.  Jack and I deal with reality.  Jack's post above deals with the real world that there are works which are for all intents and purposes and by most working definitions "orphan works" - again note the quotes.

We did not repeat ourselves with respect to the same myth regarding the Public Domain.  Rather we made two separate points about a single myth.  We could easily have listed a dozen more.

Finally, we think its rather difficult to predict the nuances and specifics of legislation likely to come down the pike sometime in the future.  If we were that good in the prediction business, Jack & I would go to Las Vegas and never have to work another day in our lives. When discussing proposed Orphan Works  legislation, even the best intentioned and most informed of us are only speculating as to what the final bill will look like.

Best,

Ed Greenberg

It’s OK to use someone else’s image if...

I change x% of the work.

Nope. See below about derivatives.

I couldn’t find any “below” about derivatives. I have heard a lot of stuff about being able to use a work if you change it and would really like to know the real scoop on that.

Thanks,
Tom Kostes
Ainsworth Images
www.ainsworthimages.com

Anonymous
Anonymous

Tom,
Here's the link to the derivatives post.
http://www.pixiq.com/article/derivatives-digging-into-copyright-law

Best,
Kara

It is unbelievable that people think anything they can grab off the internet is free. I was collaborating on a website with a designer. She took every opportunity to point out how experienced she was and the important position she had once held at XYZ company.

After a while I asked where she was getting all the photos she was sending me. "Oh, I'm getting them from Google Images." She thought this was a big, free image bank. I almost had a coronary as I envisioned the lawsuit. Fortunately, I found out before the site ever went live.

Pat

Copyright is a complex issue and you do a disservice to your readers by posting over simplified one sentence answers that skew toward copyright holders.

You lump educational use with non-profit use and don't even address educational use. Copyrighted material can be used for educational use if it meets the 4 point test under the fair use doctrine. Editorial use is another common fair use.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use

You use the term "in the public domain" and go on to give an example of an image on the internet that cannot be identified. That's not what "in the public domain" means.

An image is in the public domain if it is not subject to copyright. That can include images published before 1923, images with expired copyrights, and works of the U.S. government such as NASA or presidential portraits.

http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm

This is the first time I've been on this site and so far I'm not impressed. This article is written like it was tweeted 140 characters at a time. I assume they are not charging you to use more words.

Skewed to copyright holders? Darn right it is. This is a photographer’s website, not another “How to screw photographers” website. As a class of copyright holders, photographers are among the most infringed on. All the time. Every day.
And it is a simplified list. As it says it’s an excerpt from our book which does go into deep detail. As does our blog , which will be moved entirely over to Pixiq soon.

As photographers we really don’t care about works before 1923. We care about our work being infringed TODAY.

And as an instructor teaching a graduate class on the business of photography, Jack can tell you Universities are extremely careful about copying any work, as many schools have been sued and lost because they can’t meet what you call the 4 point test. Yes, there are 4 criteria, but it’s a guideline, and if you violate just one, mostly the one about affecting the copyright holders ability to make money, they lose. And have lost. Ask any college professor about what the schools have been telling them about overusing and over appropriating copyrighted work.

As far as your post, I’m afraid your preaching to the wrong choir.

We have both taught at the Masters Level and we have authored a book that several colleges are using as a course text, written well over 100 articles for magazines and blogs, have several DVDs, posted hundreds of answers to copyright related questions on various sites such as EP, and PPA, and given countless lectures worldwide over the last decade alone. You have read but one excerpt from the book. To cover all issues relating to copyright requires a lot more space than any single article allows.

That's just one reason why we welcome questions and comments from our readers. We are very happy to address any and all issues which are of concern to them.

Jack and Ed

Pat

One sided articles never serve anyone. It leads to photographers saying ridiculous statements like "I own the copyright. I can do whatever I want it the images". It also leads to some amateur photographer thinking they can sue CBS news for broadcasting a 200x300 pixel image they posted on Myspace.

I was not aware this was an ad and lead in to sell your book. I had mistaken it for something useful. You have no problems using a lot of words to tout your credentials. Save those words to provide accurate information.

LOL. Yes, photographers own the copyright from the moment the shutter is pressed. Just as artists own their copyright the moment brush hits canvas. Copyright starts the moment the work is created. And they have specific rights, called the "bundle of rights" that basically says the copyright owner can dictate to do whatever they want with their work.

Simply put, that's the law. Look it up.

And anyone, including an amateur, can sue anyone, like CBS, for stealing their intellectual property. The size they steal is never the point, it is still theft.

And if you say something is inaccurate, please don't be so vague. Please be specific because as far as we know, it's all accurate.

Just Jack
(Ed's been busy today in a real court, trying a real case, in front of a real judge.)

Pat

I don't dispute most photographers own the copyright most of the time but absolute statements are rarely true. So when you only tell one side of the story, it leads some to believe that is the only side. There are many occasions where the photographer does not own the copyright. Work for hire scenario is one. Copyright of commissioned images in Canada belong to the commissioning party, not the photographer.

Ownership of copyright does not give the photographer free reign with the images. If you take a picture of a rock, you can pretty much do whatever you want with the picture. But if you take pictures of people, property, or products, right to privacy, right to publicity, and trademark rights come into play so no, a copyright holder cannot always do whatever he wants with the images. That's exactly the point I'm trying to make with oversimplified absolute statements.

As for the size of an image never being the point, that is just plain wrong. It is a critical point when considering if an image meets the fair use exemption. Why do you think Google, Yahoo, an Bing can host trillions of thumbnails of copyrighted images on their servers? Are you claiming these search engines are committing trillions of copyright infringements?

As for being inaccurate and vague, look no further than the text of this original article. For the most part, all your info is correct if not incomplete. I took issue with two points which were incomplete and inaccurate. Instead of clarifying, you choose to tout your credentials, how many articles you have written, and the book you have out. Big deal. That does not change the fact that "in the public" domain does not refer to obscure images on the internet that cannot be identified.

Ironically, the comments in this article are much more informative than the article itself.

Thanks guys for all your useful and helpful information. I hope Pat gets the professional help he/she needs.

Pat

That't the best you've got? Pathetic. Those with no retort always resort to personal insults.

You just crack me up. When one doesn't hear what they want and can't say anything, they write vague statements and they throw out what's known as a "Red Herring".
A Red Herring is something that has no relationship to what is being discussed (like copyright), but tends to change the topic away from the topic to another unrelated area, like a "personal attack".

Can you be kind enough to be specific as to what you considered a "personal attack" on yourself?. I just can't find it.

Just Jack

Oh Pat,

One more thing I forgot to ask. Ed and I have our credentials out there for all to see. Can you illuminate some of yours?
Thanks.

Just Jack

Pat

That speaks volumes about you. You are essentially saying to your readers this is who we are so you should believe whatever we tell you.

Even if I'm a fry cook at McDonalds, I have provided relevant links to support my points. The readers can look it up themselves and learn about the subject. I prefer that method to waiving some badge and saying trust me.

If anyone has lost track, my two points were:

1. There are fair use exemptions to copyright.
2. Public domain does not mean images on the internet that cannot be identified.

Pat,

So if you wake up in the morning with a green growth on your neck, you'd ask advise from a McDonald's fry cook, as long as they have a good Internet connection?
I'm sorry, but substantiating credentials does matter. Bad information can cost people real money and real aggravation.

One of the reasons Ed and I run our credentials is to point out we don't get our info from reading what's online, especially since we find so much that's flat out wrong. And rather than just end up being words posted on the Internet, the fallout of such bad information end up calling people like Ed to get them out of jams they shouldn't be involved in, in the first place.

And our fun little article from our book, which seems to have set you off, is doing exactly what it should do. Open dialog about copyright.

As far as your two statements, number 1 is correct, but you don't explain what those exemptions are. Fair use is the first defense of those that infringe someone's copyright. While there is a fair use exemption, it doesn't usually hold up. That's from cases that come up in front of a judge.

The interesting thing about the law is that anything you state can have exceptions. That's why a good lawyer rarely says you have an open and shut case when it comes to matters of the law. A competent lawyer will give you probabilities at best.

As far as your #2, I'm afraid I don't understand what you wrote, what your point is. Can you clarify?

And thanks for a more evenhanded response without the usual Internet posturing. These dialogs are always better when good information is exchanged.

Still Just Jack

Pat

Yes credential are important when making unsubstantiated statements. And I expect more from someone with your credentials. So as an ad piece for your book or a teaser to sell more copies, this article is fitting. As an informational piece, it lack substance.

So what credentials are required of me to critique this piece as lacking in information and completeness? Do I have to be a copyright attorney or a Pulitzer prize winner? As far as I'm concern, any reader can critique the quality of the writing without credentials.

Going back to my original two points. You are so defensive, you seem to think I'm saying you are wrong. What I have said is you are incomplete.

1. I'm using the photo for nonprofit, educational purposes.

NOPE. “Non-profit” or “Not for Profit” is a tax status, not always a business
philosophy.

You lump in non profit with educational use and never even talk about educational use which is one possible fair use exemption. At no point have I advocated that fair use will prevail over copyright in all cases but would it have killed you to even mention that fair use exemptions exist?

2. The image is in the public domain.

NOPE. If you can’t find the photographer, their estate (if they’re dead), or even know who did the photo, the photo is an “orphan work” and can’t be copied—unless an Orphan Works Bill passes Congress in the future. Then this becomes a slightly different answer. You would then need to do a “diligent search” for the copyright holder.

Here you are talking about unidentified images under the heading public domain. Again, that's not what public domain means. I've already stated what public domain is and link to Cornell's website but here it is again.

http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm

I'm am not criticizing your lack of knowledge of copyright. I am criticizing your incomplete writing and misleading use of the term public domain.

Spend more time writing the original article and less time defending the one liners in your article.

Seriously, you're criticizing their incomplete writing. This is a short, helpful blog post meant to get people thinking about and talking about copyright, and it's doing just that.

This is a photography forum. If you expected to get your law degree online, you're in the wrong place.

Thanks Sylvia,

That sums it up in a nutshell.

I have a much longer answer for why credentials, especially on the Internet, is important, but I think I'll expand on it in a new article.

Can someone please tell me how I can stop getting these macho BS ego contest posts in my email? I post one comment, get told I don't know anything and then can't find a way to stop getting follow up comments. You may be brilliant experts on copyright (or not) but you are lousy website designers if you don't provide any unsubscribe links. IMHO

Can't argue with you. This is a beta site and I'll make sure those that run the site get your feedback. It's a good suggestion.

James, I just saw there is a checkbox at the bottom of the page when you leave a comment that opts you in. ("Track follow-up comments by email") It's just above the "submit comment" button. If you uncheck it, the emails should stop. The solution is already there. Yay.

The real point is being lost here. Jack and Ed are using their knowledge, experience and education to help us all understand our rights under copyright law.

To me that’s a valuable and generous service. I have no problem with them being reimbersed for that when they write a book.

They also write a column in Photoshop User magazine, for which, I’m sure they get paid, but so does every other contributor. Seem fair to me, and once again I state I, for one, am thankful for the service and knowledge they provide.

For the purpose of disclosure, I would like to add that this excerpt was posted here by the editors of Pixiq, not by the authors. Any errors or deviations from the actual text of the book were inadvertently made by our staff, not the authors. We posted this article because we thought people would find it interesting and helpful and to increase exposure to this excellent book. (And, by the way, we do have permission from the authors to post this excerpt.)

Pat

Well this site and their contributors have something to learn. Readers who give valid critiques should be coveted, not discredited. They are the best readers to have. Fanboys don't help you since no matter how bad a job you do, they will never complain. Readers who read poorly written articles and exit your site without saying anything are former readers and you never learn anything from them.

I made two very specific points about omissions and misleading information on this article. Instead of saying thank you and making the correction in the article or comments, the staff chose to flaunt their credentials, question my credentials, argue minute points irrelevant to my original critique, and talk the author being in court with a real judge.

This is not a court case. If your goal is to inform and gain readership, you give solid information that gives readers the ability to find out more. As I said, if the intent is to spam a book, I understand your reasons to be short and omitting links to the vast amount of information on the net.

I don't know if there were deviations from the book but the authors of the book has been active in this thread and have mentioned nothing. They have also repeatedly ignored my contention that "in the public domain" does not mean what they say it means. What they are describing are images in the public or on the internet. Those are not public domain images. They may be mistakenly referred to as being in the public domain by laymen but I expect more from someone who is in a real courtroom working a real case with a real judge.

"For the purpose of disclosure..."

Like when the surprise witness appears in a Perry Mason case, the game is up — not an outright confession Marti, but somebody's guilt is writ large between the lines. A lesson learned perhaps: don't dumb it down too much in the extracts, or a thoughtful critic like Pat is going to call you on it, and all the blustering aside somebody is going to have to eat humble pie, however small a slice. The writing was on the wall, even though the link demonstrated the wall was somewhere else, when a Pixiq editor had to intervene to point Tom Kostes to some missing information. Strangely there was no cry of outrage, in fact the complainant turned into an apologist!

Thanks to all concerned for their efforts, however. This isn't like those pissing competitions we had at my first school, so we don't have to declare a winner. Saying "beta" covers a multitude of sins.

PS:
--------------------------------
"Ed and I have our credentials out there for all to see."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority

"I have a much longer answer for why credentials, especially on the Internet, is [sic] important, but I think I'll expand on it in a new article."

I look forward to a closely argued repudiation of the case against ipse dixit. In particular, it's about time somebody put that old fool Aristotle in his place, even if his 'Metaphysica' is an entertaining diversion for a short train journey. Please don't give me reason to flaunt my own credentials; the judge said the next time that happened there would be a prison sentence.
--------------------------------
"Can you be kind enough to be specific as to what you considered a 'personal attack' on yourself?"

Are you being disingenuous, or perhaps deliberately ignoring the immediately preceding post so that you may defend yourself against an accusation that was never made against you? There are fancy words for that, too, and some plainer words.

Tom Kostes: "I hope Pat gets the professional help he/she needs."

This reader saw Pat's statement as a response to Tom Kostes' use of a type of popular jibe (cf. "Have you taken your medication today?") often seen on less august websites than Pixiq, suggesting that Pat (despite the available evidence that he is calm and pursues a rational argument) is in some way mentally ill.
--------------------------------
"One of the reasons Ed and I run our credentials is to point out we don't get our info from reading what's online, especially since we find so much that's flat out wrong." Oh, the irony. Please tell me it's irony, or I am going to hurl myself from this Lashley Jumping Stand — now there was a man with impeccable credentials who predated the Internet. Perhaps Aristotle was onto something. Draw your own conclusions.

For crying out loud, my comment was just meant to be a lighthearted jab. Don’t you people have a life?

This is not a site to argue the fate of the world. Anyone can miss a link, it’s not a crime or even misleading and certainly not “a sin.”

As already has been stated, this is an article about photographers and their copyright protection rights.

You and Pat would be much better served on sites discussing deep philosophy or politics or religion. Here it’s just so much bombast........

It's quite clear that the majority of the original post is correct - people often believe they can legally copy a work when they cannot. It's also not intended as comprehensive advice, otherwise point 5 would deal with the DMCA's safe harbor provision and point 10 would define the public domain. Calling copyright stealing, while not legally correct, is certainly a reasonable moral position to take.

This list is clearly designed to express the fact that all photographs are subject to copyright at the moment of creation and may not be used without permission from the copyright holder. The defense of fair use exists (17 USC 107) but it is a test with a multitude of factors applied by a court not a bright line immunity.

I am a little confused that the authors market their book as "authoratative legal advice" and fail to include standard disclaimers on their blog posts. As someone who took PR and passed the MPRE, isn't that problematic?

More "myths" from their book is here;
Photography Lessons, Tips and Insights: Photographer's Survival Manual by Jack Reznicki and Ed Greenberg, published by Pixiq Books | Digital Image Cafe

This is a great resource, whether you agree or not. Better safe that sued!

Top misunderstood Fact: Parody is exempt FROM Copyright law. Yes. Its true. I learned this as part of my journalism law class when I went for my degree. HOWEVER, this does not preclude someone suing you. You just have to prove (and win) the fact that you are making a parody. Its tought against a private citizen. However, public figures are open targets (ala Nat, enquirer and illegal - UFO - alien babies born to celebs.
and Sarah Palin is an open target and her threats will only drive up the curiousity and revenue of your parody. So have at it! -Spencer Nutting

Top misunderstood Fact: Parody is exempt FROM Copyright law. Yes. Its true. I learned this as part of my journalism law class when I went for my degree. HOWEVER, this does not preclude someone suing you. You just have to prove (and win) the fact that you are making a parody. Its tought against a private citizen. However, public figures are open targets (ala Nat, enquirer and illegal - UFO - alien babies born to celebs.
and Sarah Palin is an open target and her threats will only drive up the curiousity and revenue of your parody. So have at it! -Spencer Nutting

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